The
history of the Internet began with the development of computers in the 1950s.
This began with point-to-point communication between mainframe computers and
terminals, expanded to point-to-point connections between computers and then
early research into packet switching. Packet switched networks such as ARPANET,
Mark I at NPL in the UK, CYCLADES, Merit Network, Tymnet, and Telenet, were
developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a variety of protocols. The
ARPANET in particular led to the development of protocols for internetworking,
where multiple separate networks could be joined together into a network of
networks. 1974 ABC interview with Arthur C. Clarke in which he describes a
future of ubiquitous networked personal computers. In 1982 the Internet
Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) was standardized and the concept of a world-wide
network of fully interconnected TCP/IP networks called the Internet was
introduced. Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National
Science Foundation (NSF) developed the Computer Science Network (CSNET) and
again in 1986 when NSFNET provided access to supercomputer sites in the United
States from research and education organizations. Commercial internet service
providers (ISPs) began to emerge in the late 1980s and 1990s. The ARPANET was
decommissioned in 1990. The Internet was commercialized in 1995 when NSFNET was
decommissioned, removing the last restrictions on the use of the Internet to
carry commercial traffic.
Since
the mid-1990s the Internet has had a drastic impact on culture and commerce,
including the rise of near-instant communication by electronic mail, instant
messaging, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) "phone calls", two-way
interactive video calls, and the World Wide Web with its discussion forums,
blogs, social networking, and online shopping sites. The research and education
community continues to develop and use advanced networks such as NSF's very
high speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS), Internet2, and National LambdaRail.
Increasing amounts of data are transmitted at higher and higher speeds over
fiber optic networks operating at 1-Gbit/s, 10-Gbit/s, or more. The Internet
continues to grow, driven by ever greater amounts of online information and
knowledge, commerce, entertainment and social networking.
It
is estimated that in 1993 the Internet carried only 1% of the information
flowing through two-way telecommunication. By 2000 this figure had grown to
51%, and by 2007 more than 97% of all telecommunicated information was carried
over the Internet.
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